Case study（案例研究）是对任何个人、社区或团体或任何单位的深入研究。这包括任何具体的研究或分析方法，以分析任何问题或问题。case study是一种研究策略，经常出现在社会科学和生命科学中。接下来小编就为大家具体介绍一下。

方法

在利用case study系统时，步骤与不同种类的研究相同：

1.最初的步骤是描述一个单一的案例或确定一组可比较的案例，这些案例后来可以被纳入各种case study中。为了弄清对该事项的了解，通常要进行整理。

2.这可能包括对灰色文献、文献、报告、媒体等的审查，试图建立起对事务的基本了解，并通知研究问题的增长。

3.case study中的数据往往具有主观性，然而并不特别。在许多case study中，对整个案例和case study内部进行分析。

4.一个case study可以通过遵循正式的研究技术来创建。这些case study可能会出现在正式的研究空间，如专业会议和杂志，而不是主流作品。

5.case study的主体，一段时间以来在各种职业和学科中占据了重要地位，从社会学、人类学、心理学和政治科学到教育、社会工作、临床科学和行政科学。

6.在case study中，被研究的”案例”可以是一个组织、个人、行动或事件，它存在于一个特定的时间和地点。例如，临床科学既创造了流行的人的case study，也研究了临床实践。

6.在任何情况下，当”案例”在理论意义上被利用，如在一个主张、一个论点或一个命题中，此时这样的案例可能是许多研究策略的主题，而不仅仅是一个Case study的研究。

case study的好处

如果研究者需要研究一个特定单位出现的现象，在这一点上，单一的case study是合理的，它将考虑到对单一现象的深刻理解，正如上文所述，将包括收集广泛的信息。

case study的类型

商业研究中总共有4种类型的case study。这些是：

“无理论先行”case study

“差距与漏洞”case study

“现实的社会构建”case study

“反常现象”

这四种方法学有它们自己的用途，然而理解它们特殊的认识论和本体论假设是至关重要的。这些方法学之间存在着相当大的方法学差异。

case study的结构和选择

一般来说，一个普通的案例不一定有丰富的数据。在澄清历史和行动的脉络时，选择那些不寻常的、有趣的、或特别能说明问题的一组条件的主题更有价值。选择一个取决于代表性的案例，偶尔会有能力提供这样的洞察力。在为case study选择案例时，研究人员将利用一个以数据为导向的样本，这与随机抽样不同。选择一个案例可能是因为该案例或其环境所隐藏的热情。另一方面，它往往是因为研究者的深入了解而被选择的;当研究者拥有这种区域性的信息时，他们就可以”挥洒自如”，并以这种方式在对环境和背景的丰富了解的基础上提出合理的澄清路线。

如何为case study选择一个主题?

1.一个不针对特定人群受众的case study，不解决个人经历的问题，是没有意义的。这样一来，在挑选case study主题之前，你应该设定你的目标兴趣小组，并对其进行熟悉。

2.当你站在它的需求和问题上，在这一点上，你可以有一个合理的想法，你的观众群体可能会对哪个主题感兴趣。

3.在写一个主题的时候，要认识到里面的原则问题，并说明为什么它们是关键的。沿着这些思路，你将更加专注于你的case study的安排，并以这种方式越来越重要。

关于case study的写作方法就介绍到这里，不知道各位同学是否了解了呢?

印度的公立学校缺勤的教师太多。在这种情况下，如果教师在正常工作时间内无法在学校找到他/她，他/她就被视为缺勤，不包括兼职教师或志愿者教师。量化指标 “太多 “指的是 Chaudhury 等人（2006）的研究结果，即在对印度各地约 3000 所政府管理和资助的学校进行的三次突击访问中，发现有 25%的教师不在学校。与其他四个中低收入国家[1]–与孟加拉国接壤的国家（16%）、厄瓜多尔（14%）、印度尼西亚（19%）和秘鲁（11%）–通过同样的方法和研究测算出的教师缺勤率相比，25%这个数字也具有很高的特点（Chaudhury等人，2006；世界银行2018）。为了与高收入国家的这一比率进行比较，美国国家教师质量委员会（NCTQ）发现，美国最大的40个大都会地区的教师在94%的时间内都在上班（NCTQ，2014）。我分析印度这一严重问题的目的是降低教师缺勤率，明确的目标是按照Chaudhury等人的方法，通过全国范围内的随机调查，到2022年将政府学校的教师缺勤率从25%降低到13%（首先，我从这个问题如何影响不同的利益相关者群体的角度来讨论教师高缺勤率的后果是什么。 受教师高缺勤率影响的一个非常重要的群体是学生。经验证据表明，教师高缺勤率对学生的成绩有负面影响。Kremer等人(2005)在印度的研究表明，教师缺勤率增加10%，学生出勤率就会下降1.8%，四年级学生的考试成绩就会下降0.02个标准差。Das等(2004)在赞比亚的研究表明，教师缺勤率增加5%，英语和数学一学年的平均成绩就会减少4%～8%的学习。Ehrenberg、Ehrenberg、Rees和Ehrenberg(1991)的一篇基础性论文发现，当普通教师缺勤时，学习程度降低，学生上学的积极性也会下降，学生的学习成绩可能受到影响。

新西兰社会学代写 印度教育

Too many teachers are absent from government schools in India. In this context, the teacher is considered absent if he/she could not be found in the school during regular working hours and excludes part-time or volunteer teachers. The quantifier ‘too many’ refers to the findings by Chaudhury et al. (2006) that 25 percent of teachers were found to be absent from their schools during three, unannounced visits to about 3000 government run and financed schools across India. The 25 percent figure is also characterized as high in comparison to the absence rates of teachers, measured through the same methodology and study in four other lower and upper middle-income countries[1] – in bordering Bangladesh (16 percent), Ecuador (14 percent), Indonesia (19 percent), and Peru (11 percent) (Chaudhury et al. 2006; World Bank 2018). For comparison to what this rate looks like in a high-income country, the National Council on Teacher Quality (NCTQ) found that teachers in 40 of the United States’ largest metropolitan areas were present for work 94 percent of the time (NCTQ, 2014). The goal of my analysis of this serious problem in India is to reduce teacher absenteeism rates, with the explicit objective of reducing the percentage of teachers absent in government schools from 25 percent to 13 percent by 2022, as measured through a nationwide random survey, following the methodology from Chaudhury et al. First, I address what the consequences of high teacher absence rates are, in terms of how this problem affects different groups of stakeholders. A very important group affected by high teacher absenteeism rates is students. Empirical evidence suggests that high rates of teacher absence has a negative impact on student outcomes. Kremer et al., (2005) demonstrated in India, that a 10 percent increase in teacher absence was associated with a 1.8 percent decrease in student attendance, and a 0.02 standard deviation decline in test scores of fourth grade students. Das et al. (2004) showed in Zambia that a 5 percent increase in teacher absentee rates reduced learning by 4 to 8 percent of average gains over the academic year in English and mathematics. A foundational paper by Ehrenberg, Ehrenberg, Rees and Ehrenberg (1991) found that to the extent that less learning occurs when regular teachers are absent, student motivation to attend school also falls, and student academic performance may suffer.

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SNAP的用户总是可以对程序的改变提出异议。并不是每个使用SNAP的人都以任何方式滥用它。有些人甚至认为这个程序本来就是完美的。没有人会总是和房间里的其他人意见一致。每个人对SNAP和WIC都有自己的看法。有两个成年人的普通美国家庭，每周工作40多个小时，仍然在挣扎。2017年，美国3.257亿人口中，有12.3%生活在贫困之中。有些人甚至认为，一个新版本的WIC，将无法满足他们的家庭需求。这个计划会根据家庭成员的数量而有所不同。WIC计划将确保每个人都能吃饱。很多处于失业状态的人不想赚更多的钱，因为他们将不再享受失业救济金。当一个家庭确实需要帮助的时候，他们不应该抱怨计划的改变。建立这个系统的原因是为了帮助有需要的低收入家庭。扩大WIC计划比改善SNAP计划更好更容易。新版本的WIC仍将遵循这一理念，减少滥用的机会。没有什么能让每个人都快乐。不管发生什么，总会有人感到非常难过。人们拼命工作养家糊口，没有政府的帮助仍然勉强度日。还有一些人拒绝工作，因为他们不想失去额外的政府收入。当邻居有需要时，帮助他们是作为一个美国人的一部分。然而，似乎有些邻居接受了免费的建议，转而把这些建议卖给其他人。似乎每件事都有解决的办法。这个制度越严格，滥用它就越困难。SNAP程序应该被删除，取而代之的是一个新的扩展版本的WIC程序。这样做的目的不是为了让人们不高兴，而是阻止虐待行为和人们被评判的方式。

新西兰社会学作业代写 WIC计划

SNAP users could always argue with the ideas of change in the program. Not every person who uses SNAP abuses it in any way. Some may even think the program is perfectly fine the way it is. No one is always going to agree with everyone else in the room. Everyone has their own opinions about SNAP and WIC. The average American family that has two adults, who work 40 plus hours a week, still struggle. In 2017, out of the 325.7 million people in The United States of America, 12.3 percent was living in poverty. Some people may even think that a new version of WIC, would not be able to supply their families needs to the fullest. The program will vary, depending on the number of family members. The WIC program will make sure to keep every stomach full. A large group of people that are on SNAP does not want to make more money because they will no longer receive their benefits. When a family is indeed in need, they should not complain about the program changing. The reason why the system got made was to help low-income families in need. It would be better and easier to extend the WIC program, than trying to better the SNAP program. The new version of WIC will still follow that idea, with less of a chance of abuse.There is no such thing as making everyone happy. No matter what happens, someone out there is going to be deeply upset. People work their lives away to provide for their families and still barely get by without government help. Then there are people out there who refuse to work because they do not want to lose their extra government income. Part of being an American is helping out a neighbor when they are in need. Then again, it seems like some neighbors are taking the free advice and turning around and selling the advice to someone else. There seems always to be a way around everything. The stricter the system gets, the harder it would be to abuse it. The SNAP program should be dropped and replaced with a new, extended version of the WIC program. The goal is not to upset people, but stop abuse and the way people are getting judged.

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好撒玛利亚会的使命是通过为老人和其他有需要的人提供住所、服务和行为来分享神的爱。这家医院尊重、有尊严、有同情心地对待每一位病人。该机构共有46张病床，每班有3到4名助手帮忙护理。压力溃疡与他们的使命和价值观有关他们想要预防和治疗新入院患者的溃疡。他们为前来避难的人提供庇护和帮助。看看这些设施以及他们如何与病人互动，他们采取适当的措施来治疗和预防压疮，这就完成了他们的使命。这家机构还没有专门的伤口护理人员，但已经有人接受了培训，以确保他们的病人取得积极的结果。他们使用重新定位的气垫来帮助降低病人中压疮的发生率。这是整体护理的一个方面以及这个组织如何提供护理来治疗整个人，而不仅仅是一个方面。当住客拒绝重新安置时，工作人员会尊重病人拒绝安置的权利，但会在不久之后重新接近病人。该机构的护士检查并与CNA跟进，以确保重新定位在适当的时间发生，并绘制图表反映重新定位。这对治疗和预防压疮非常重要。工作人员在每个轮班前都有一个简报，以合作为每个住院医生制定最佳护理计划。今年第四季度的回顾显示，长期护理的压疮没有恶化，也没有住院病人出现新的压疮。这里的每张床上都有一个充气床垫，这是这里的标准。一位住院医师在入院前出现压疮。回顾第四季度的回顾，很明显，这家机构正在支持它的使命声明，并非常好地照顾他们的居民。

新西兰作业代写 好撒玛利亚会

The Good Samaritan Societies mission is to share God’s love in word and deed by giving shelter, services to older people and others in need. This facility treats every patient with respect, dignity and compassion. This facility has forty-six total beds and three to four aides to help with care on each shift. Pressure ulcers relate to the mission, values in the fact that they want to prevent them and heal ulcers that are present with new admissions. They are giving shelter and helping those that come to them. Looking at the facility and how they interact with their patients, they take appropriate measure to heal and prevent pressure ulcers and that fulfills their mission statement. This facility does not have a specialized wound nurse yet but have someone being trained to ensure positive outcomes for their patients. Stated earlier they use repositioning air mattresses to help decrease the incidence of pressure ulcers in their patient population. This is one aspect of the holistic care and how this organization is providing care to cure the whole person, not just one aspect. When a resident refuse’s to be repositioned, the staff will respect the patient’s right to refuse, but will re-approach patient in a little while after. Nurses at this facility check and follow up with the CNA’s to make sure that repositioning is occurring at appropriate times and charting is done to reflect the reposition. This is very important in the healing and prevention of pressure ulcers. The staff has a briefing before every shift to collaborate on the best plan of care for each resident.The fourth quarter review of this year manifested that no pressure ulcer in the long-term care had gotten worse or any resident develop a new pressure ulcer. Every bed in the facility has an air mattress on it, that is the standard for this facility. One resident had a pressure ulcer which was manifested before admission. Reflecting on the fourth quarter review, it is apparent that this facility is backing up its mission statement and taking very good care of their residents.

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